The Reasons for the emergences of revolutions
INTRODUCTION
AND BACK GROUND
This assignment consist three parts, which includes; an
introduction, main body. The
introduction is concerned about the definition of key terms, the categorization
of these revolutions base on various criteria’s, the main body is about the
reasons for its emergencies. And finally conclusion
DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS
Revolution;
according to advanced learners’ Dictionary, is an attempt by large number of
people to change the government especially by violent action. Revolution is a
greater change in condition ways of living beliefs that affects large number of
people. (P,1268).
Revolution
is a complete fundamental change that sweeps across political and social
economic spheres of life in a given society. Revolution can either peacefully
or violent. By (Ngobi, 2012, p, 26).
(Mwaijage,
2004, p, 27), revolution is a complete overthrow of an existence government or
a way of life in any country or state by those who were previous subjected to
it.
These
renewed principles are geared especially to the organization and regulation of
the social, political, and economic apparatus of the new instituted government
for the benefit of all people in the country. In addition to the above,
revolution is any and all instance in which a state or political regime is
overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extra
constitutions or violent fashion. By, Abroad one.
TYPES OF
REVOLUTIONS
In this task, these
revolution have been classified basing on three criteria’s which include;
duration, methods, and ideology bases.
Duration, or at the time
which occurred. The revolution normally divided into two major types as
explained bellow;
1) Early
revolutions, these are those revolutions which were formed before 19th
centuries. Example; England or English revolutions or glorious revolutions of
1640`s. French revolution 1789, Germany revolution of 1806/ 1870`s, and Italy
revolution of 1870`s.
2) Modern
revolutions are those revolutions after the 19thcentury. Examples of
these revolutions include; Russian revolution of 1917 / (1905- 1917), Chinese
revolution of 1927- 1949, Vietnam revolution 1959, Cuba revolution of 1959,
Nigeria revolution 1966/ 1970, Zanzibar revolution of 1963.
Methods,
refers to the ways on how revolution implemented either non- violently or
violently mechanisms. In this way there two types of revolutions as explained
bellow;
1)
Violent revolution, is that employ
chaos, actual fighting, riots, and bloodsheds. Examples of these revolution
includes; Chinese revolution of 1949, French revolution of 1789, Zanzibar
evolution of 1963, American Revolution of 1776; few to mention.
2)
Non violent revolutions are those which
do not employ real fighting, and bloodsheds, and non killing of people. An
example of these revolutions includes; Iranian and Nicaragua revolution of
1979, Philippines revolution of 1986, and the fall of Berlin wall in 1989.
Ideology,
basing on this criteria the types of revolutions relay upon human (leaders)
perspectives. Therefore there are three types of revolutions such as religion
revolutions, socialist revolution, and capitalist revolutions as explained
bellow;
I.
Religion revolutions, involve changing
or adopting new faith, and ignoring the previous one. An example of these
revolutions are; Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, and African revolutions
into slams, and Christianity, and abandoned of previous ancestor`s believes
during colonialism.
II.
Socialism revolutions, example of these
are Chinese, revolution of 1949 which made Chine to adopt socialism ideology
under Chinese community part headed by MaoTzetung/ Maotzedong.
III.
Capitalist revolution, example Russia of
1991, fall of Eastern Germany wall on 1989, and Ghana revolution.
MAIN BODY
The emergencies of
revolutions have been due to social – political and economic reasons. Due to
the fact that, there are many revolutions across the world and have varieties
of reasons where by some are similar from one another while some of them vary
depending on the occasion, types of regimes, periods, nature, and place of
occurrences; in this work, we shall look on general factors for emergence of
these revolutions as projected bellow;
The
nature of ancient regime; Lockard. (n.d, pp27-44) argued
that the previous regimes were full of autocratic dictator ship and despotic,
corruption, nepotism good example King Luis of sixteen in French. However, un
questionable leader existed in many part of the world, for example Zanzibar
during sultanate regime, Nigeria, Bulknafasso, communist government such as
Korea. Chinese, Russia all these led to the emergence of revolutions.
Economic
scarcity, Sperber, (2000) indicated that at the end of the 19th
century many European nations
experienced with Great depression especially the British economic depression of
1873, low production in both agriculture and industrial products, un
employments, and those who were in labor paid low wages; this led to the occurrence
of hunger and famines . Yet not enough witnessed with un equal distribution of
resources between regions, and workers in Europe, ( Pp, 8/9). Economic scarcity also
caused by corruption, embezzlements, extravagancies done by the ancient régimes,
and droughts, government failed to provide basic human needs like food,
shelter, and clothes. All these circumstances triggered on chaos, riots, rise
of activists in Europe to oppose and condemn their governments, and finally
revolution was inevitable in Europe, and other parts of the world that
experienced similar challenges. Examples of these countries were; Russia in
1905/ 1917, England in 1640`s, French in 1789, Italy and Germany between 1806/
1870`s; other revolutions occurred soon after the world wars 1 and 2 (1914 –
1945) like Chinese revolution on 1949; Ngobi, (2012, p, 59) had similar ideas
and cemented the synonym views.
Industrial
revolution, Ngobi, (2012) defined industrial revolution as the
revolution within revolutions, (p,12). It was a complete fundamental change in
factories resulting into the industrial revolution in Europe. The impacts of
industrial revolution were; population increase, innovation of industrial
machines, high production, growth of towns like Birmingham, Northing ham,
Yorkshire, Lancashire, Liverpool, environmental degradation, low mortality
rate, urban migration, un employments, emergence of proletarian class like Luddism
1811/12, centered on total destructions of the industrial machine … replaced
manual labor, Chartism 1835, Trade unionism 1835 onwards, and bourgeoisie
classes, extreme exploitation of laborers, taxes, women labors, child labors
and poor housing condition especially to the labors. Later on emergence of individual
who shouted the governments like; Robert Owen, General Ned Ludd.
(Kato, 2011,p. 57) cemented that, industrial
revolution opened door for the emergence of revolution as an alternative the
problems witnessed during its rains in
Europe.
The
roles played by academicians, these were the elites
who engaged in condemning the governments, mobilized masses, unified them, and
created conscious to the majorities so as to know their right and demand for
it. Some of them included, philosophers,
economist like; John Lock , Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Fredrick Angels, Emanuel Kant,
John Okelo, Amani Abed Karume, David Reardo and, Samola Marshell. All these asked for change of government, and
the systems. Example, Marshell said
that: “Portugal government was exploitative in nature and badly treated the Mozambique
youth, ladies, and men”. Cited from (Ngobi, 2012) also annoyed that, there were
absolutism, non questionable regimes, hence they need changes, and therefore
revolutions were inevitable since it looks as a solutions that cloud ensure
equality, democracy, fraternity, employment, environment conservations, end of
colonialism in some parts of Africa who were under colonialism, and respects for both men, women, and youth.
Examples of these revolutions are Zanzibar Revolution, French Revolution, and
Mozambique coup - de tat, Russia Revolution, and England / English Revolution. Hence,
all these led to the emergence of revolutions.
Militarism
was the competition in production of weapons and weapon technologies plus
techniques of war fighting. In Europe this phenomena traced back on 1870`s. Armament
created fear, over confidence of some states like Germany, Englands`king, as
the resulted into revolution to overthrow weak government like German Wema
Government by Adolf Hitler. Also some commanders’ who exempted from national
arms conducted revolution since they have war fighting techniques, Rise of
terrorists groups and activist camps all these contributed enough to the
revolution, by (Lockard, 1988, p.274 ).
Again
individuals like John Okello, Aman Abed Karume, Ethnic
groups and parties like Nazism in Germany, Afro Shiraz party in Zanzibar. All
these contributed much to the emergence of revolutions. Crucial examples of
revolutions emerged due to individual and ethnic/ parties are Zanzibar, Germany
or revolution wars of 1806/ 1870`s, Russia revolution, Bukinafasso coup d etat,
and the Cap Verde Revolutions of 2000`s.
Generally , the impacts
of these revolutions includes; massive killing of people, end of autocratic
regimes, end of colonialism, emergence of dictators and dictatorship regimes,
respects, economic prosperity, responsibilities, destruction of properties,
reduction of taxes and end of un necessary terrifies, and taxes, increase in
production like agricultural products, industrial goods, equality, fraternity,
transparence, reduction of the numbers of hours in jobs, women , and lastly
child laborers.
However , the phases of
these revolutions vary depending on types of regimes, period of occurrence,
nature of previous regimes, example Chinese revolution phased from 200BC
at the era of Shang Dynasty…1949 under
Maotzedong, Zanzibar 1960 – 1963, and Russia revolution from 1905/ 1917.
REFERENCE
Craig, A. L., (nd). (2nd
ed.). Societies, Network, and Transions,
Volume II. India: Cengage Learning.
Fred, S.K., & Christine.
J.M., (2006). Gardener`s Art Through the
Ages; A concise History. USA:
Thomson wadswoth
Kato, (2011). Mastering of Advanced level History.
Mwanza : Mweas Book Publishers.
Mwijage, K. J.,(2004) Major events in African History.
Morogoro: Salvatorium.
Ngobi, I., (2012) Basic them European History Advanced level.
Kampala: Makelele University press.
Sperber, J., (2000) Revolutionary Europe 1980 -1985. Malaysia:
Pearson Education Limited.
Stott, etal, (1988) Revolutional Europe. Mexico: British library catalog
in publication date.
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