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THE BACKGROUND AND AN INTRODUCTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

A.THE BACK GROUND OF THE WORK.

This assignment is about Electromagnetic spectrum and HOW each interval of electromagnetic spectrum used in monitoring the Environment. In this Remote Sensing document the following concepts used in (RS) are to be explained in details, The concept of Environments, Electromagnetic spectrum's, Energy, Frequency, Wave length at the introductory party of my task. And during main body am going to show in detail on How each spectrum used in monitoring the environments at large.

AN INTRODUCTION

Ø  THE ENVIRONMENT,

According to Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary (2014), Environment is the natural world in which People, Animals, and Plants live. (Pg; 492).The environments are of three major categories such as The land surface environment that include both manmade  and natural features like land and soils valleys, soil, walls, buildings, factories, vegetation cover, and People, all these absorbs, emit  reflect, refract ,waves in the spectrum. By, Reinhart.(2015.Pg;381)Full spectrum analysis in environment monitoring.

Marine environment comprises water charged particles, waves, and hydrological kingdoms or organisms. The Atmospheric spheres that involves the layers of the atmosphere like Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, exosphere and lastly the  Interplanetary spheres which include other planets like Mars, Pluto, and  Jupiter. All these playing greater roles in the spectrum.

Ø  THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)

Is the processes in which electromagnetic waves travel through vacuum or through matter containing media or in the environment like water, Atmosphere and surface. Electromagnetic spectrum is the foundation of all information’s in the spectrum.

(EMS). explains in terms of energy, frequency, and wave length, by NASA,(2010);Pg;3),Natural Aeronaut us and Space Administration. NASA, Tour of Electromagnetic spectrum.

§  On the surface EMS produced by any object or things like Electricity lamps, cables, power stations, wires ,TV, remote control, heater oven waves, stones, human skin, rocks, fire wood, volcanic eruptions, radar posit, telephones posit, walls, plant`s leafs since everything around us emit, absorb, and reflect EMS.

§  On the atmosphere EMS produced by The sun, atmospheric particles, dusts, ozone layer also absorb, burst of satellites, and also reflected by planetary bodies beyond our Earth planet.

§  In water bodies EMS emit, absorbed, and reflected by charged particles in water waves,  water have Electrical (+) magnetic and travel like water waves, and marine physical features and  hydrological communities. By, NASA (2010), the introduction to the  Electromagnetic spectrum ,(Pg;3/5)

Ø  ENERGY

Is an ability to do work By Agga. S.(1983,Pg ;26/28), Principles of Remote Sensing. Energy measured in Electrons (ev). Energy  have two forms that are Kinetic energy or motion energy like electrons, waves, photons, when they move these energy they create  an electromagnetic spectrums or fields. According to NASA these field transport electoral magnetic radiation EMR. On other form of energy is potential energy that is static, stored power by batteries, chalks and fire wood

Ø  FREQUENCY

Refers the numbers of circles of waves passing  a fixed point per unit of time. Frequency measured in Hertz (Hz) equivalent to one circle per second and various multiples of hertz. Frequency presented by symbol (V). By NASA (2010. pg ; 3/4) The Tour on Electromagnetic spectrum.

Ø  WAVE LENTH

Is the length of one circle which can be measured as the distance between the  successive wave crests. It represented by letter Lambda (λ) and it is measured in meter (M) and Nanometer (µm), by Natural resource Canada and Resources naturalness Canada (2010.Pg;7/8).

Wavelength is the distance between the crest and the trough waves. EMS consist of  Radio waves,  Microwaves,  Infrared rays, Visible spectrum ,Ultraviolet rays, X-rays and Gamma rays. The frequency of these interval electromagnetic spectrum increases from Radio waves to Gamma rays, and wave length decreases from Gamma ray to ward Radio waves By, Masunga. N.

HOW THESE INTERVALS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM USED IN MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENT

1.     RADIO AND TELEVISION (TV) WAVES.

Are the type of electromagnetic spectrum that that have the longest wavelength and lowest frequency in the spectrum. By, Bhatta .B. (2012.Pg;9). Its frequency range from (300GHz) to as slow as (3KHz) corresponding with wavelength ranging from 1MM (0.039 in) to 10KM (62MIL). It travels at the speed of light.

SOURCES OF RADIO WAVES. Radio waves originating from both Natural sources like Lighting and Astronomical objects like  satellites, and The stars. Artificial sources are like man-made satellites, Telephone posits, Television power stations and The Blue tooth devices

Ø  HOW RADIO WAVES MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENT.

Radio waves and TV waves monitoring the environment through controlling mobile signals, broadcasting, example radio bands like FM, AM radio stations.  radar, navigation systems, computer networks and applications. All these provide crucial data for us about the environments. Scientists   Environmentalists, and The astronomers used reflect ionosphere and to travel around the World

Therefore, Radio and TV wave facilitate much on environmental monitoring and these enable as to take precautions toward environmentally phenomena.

2.     MICRO WAVES (RADAR).

This interval starts after radio waves. Have high frequency and low wave length compare to radio and TV waves in the spectrum ranging from  (1mm to 1m) length.

SOURCES OF MICROWAVE

Sofas, sensor, telephone, Y-five antenna, Radio few to mentions.

TYPES OF MICRO WAVES.

v Active microwaves, like Radar, Scatterotres, and Altimeter.

v Passive microwaves, like those do not originate from natural satellites. Examples are weather fore casting instruments for providing data for weathering.

By, Shefali . A. (2012.Pg;7) principles of remote sensing.

HOW MICROWAVE MONITORING THE ENVIROMENT

These monitoring environment through providing data to environmentalists, like waves penetrate throughout clouds, dust, smokes, and rains to review the earth’s surface.

 Also GPS, in cars penetrate the grass, canopy cover of the forest. This enable them to measure soil moisture of the rain forests, in studying the Earth from space, species dimensions. Help to monitor climatic changes like occurring of ELño, nature of sea water, wind direction, migration of animals and adaptation of marine organisms, nature and the color of the sky.

3.     INFRARED  RAYS.

These rays have high frequency compare to microwaves and lower wave length than micro waves. This range from ( 0.7 to 300µm/nm)

SOURCES OF INFRARED LIGHTS.

These mainly produced by Hot objects like the sun, fire wood, volcanic eruptions and heaters. Others are remote control, fiber optic cables. All these produce and use infrared lights. By,Finkenthal.B.& Halsey.R. (2014.Pg; 18). Introduction to Electromagnetic spectrum.

TYPES OF INFRARED LIGHTS

Near Infrared ray (NIR) (0.7 to 1.5µm), Short  waves infrared ray (SWIR) ( 3 to 8µm and Long infrared wavelengths these ranges (LWIR) from (8 to 15µm).

The NIR and SWIR are known as Reflected infrared and the  MWIR and LWIR are known as Thermal infrared.

HOW INFRARED USED IN MONITORING THE ENVIONMENT

Infrared light monitoring the environment through distinguishing clouds, ice, healthily vegetation-plants, snow, water contents, soil moisture, soil boundaries, mapping geological information, monitoring land and surface temperature changes, By, Menzel.p.(2006 Pg;230). Remote sensing Applications with Meteorological Satellites.

NIR, also allow scientist to study the environment and its components like vegetations on how plant create its photosynthesis, chlorophyll. Therefore infrared rays provide cue in formations to being and enable to monitor our environments.

4.     VISIBLE LIGHT.

This portion of electromagnetic spectrum ranges between (400nm to 700nm) Red. Have longer wave length and shorter frequency. It consists a variation colors like Violet=(400 to 450nm), Indigo=(430 to 450),Blue =(450 to 500nm), Green =(500 to 570 nm), Yellow =(570 to 590nm), Orange =(590 to 610nm) and lastly Red ranging between (610 to 700nm). The frequency of this portion increases as you move from, violet to red color. By, Bauer.M. (2004. Pg;3). Remote Sensing Geographical analysis.

HOW VISIBLE RAYS USED IN MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENT

Monitoring TV lights, convert radio waves into sounds, plant`s leaf color like green color with chlorophylls in leafs.

Also monitoring the image productions in deferent media and these images again used by environmentalist to assess the environmental impacts of particular region. It provide data for eclipse, atmospheric pressure, heat budget, physical properties of a body,  and wind direction as yellow sun rays reach 5500ϲ̊, scattered absorbed and  transferred.

5.     ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (UV).

This wave have higher frequency and shorter wave length than visible portion. It is invisible to naked eyes.

According to Lincoln & Nebraska (2010). UV, range between (1mm to 1µm), 

TYPES  OF UTRAVIOLET RAYS.

o   HARD UTRAVIOLET, this range between  (0.03 to 0.3µm) in this region no remote sensing because most radiation scattered therefore wind destroy energy.

o   PHOTOGRAPHIC  UTRAVIOLET, this rang from (0.3- 0.4µm) ,there is remote sensing. Other types are UV-A, UV-B, UV-C.

HOW UTRAVIOLET RAYS USED IN MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENT

Ø  Ultraviolet rays facilitate the study formation of new stars because young stars shine more and reflected by UV.

Ø  Studies atmospheric temperature, Wind`s direction, surface pressure, existence of Light beyond the Earth

Ø  Medical treatments in Hospitals.

Ø  Tends and stability of the Ozone layer and ozone layer`s window or hole.

Ø  UV used by scientist and environment to stud the impacts of Ultraviolet rays on human skins and climate change. By Lincoln & Nebraska. (2010). Introduction to remote sensing. (Pg;28)

6.     X-RAYS. These rays have much shorter wave length and higher energy compare to Ultraviolet rays ranging from (0.03 to 3n). Its name depends on its higher energies .By,  Caldwell.A. ( 1999. Pg;2/3). Professional handout for electromagnetic spectrum.

SOURCES OF X-RAYS

X-rays originate from pulsars, galactic supernova remnants and the accretion disk of black hole, from objects in millions of Celsius. By NASA (2010 Pg; 28) Tour to the electromagnetic spectrums (EMS)

X-RAYS MONITORING  THE  ENVIRONMENT THROUGH;X-lights provide Photons data from the sky by the use of Telescope, these environment data helps in understanding the compositions, properties, temperature ,and density of celestial environments due to higher energy and abilities to penetrate of X-rays to other planets like Mars.Used in medical treatments like bones , and show its impacts to our skin and other environment components thus  the data from X-rays enable to take precaution. Air plane vocation and securing of bags and other cargos. And geological explorations of rocks and minerals.

7.     GAMMAR RAYS

These produce short wavelength and highest frequency than all in the spectrum. Its range is less than (0.3nm). Some times its waves interact with radio waves, radars. Grammar ray produce cosmic rays.

THE GENESIS OF GAMMAR RAYS

.Grammar rays originates from cosmic rays, produced by hottest objects in the universe like Neutron stars, pulsars, Supernova explosion, the region around the black hole,

, Nuclear explosion, Lighting, and The less dramatic activities of Radio decay.

HOW GAMMARAYSUSED IN MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENT.

Gamma rays used in exploration of exotic objects, and enable to create and testing new environmental theories, examinations of elements on other planets like mercury surface, collect environmental details for  space environment, geochemistry and ranging (MESSENGER). To study geological elements like Hydrogen, magnesium, Silicon, Oxygen,  iron, sodium, titanium and calcium, especially when cosmic lights fall to the ground into soil sphere, these data also used to monitor micro life, suitability of soils. Gamma ray also wash the sky with gamma lights. By, NASA (2015. pg;28). Electromagnetic spectrum.   The diagram bellow shows the general layout of Electromagnetic spectrum. And how the frequency increasingly from Radio waves to Gamma rays, and increasingly of wave length from Gamma ray to Radio wave

Therefore each interval provides clear data that used in monitoring the environment, taking cautions, modifying our nature to live longer. to study the inter space environments, stars, planets, rocks, communication networks, marine species,  plant health, sky nature, waves and frequencies of radio bands, TV, and dependability of living things  on and in these portions of electromagnetic spectrums